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They are the token attached to your transfers that serve as computational tax. They help ensure that miners (entities that use their nodes to process transactions and maintain network integrity) are rewarded for their work. It in turn encourages more entities to mine which further boosts the integrity of the overall system.

The transaction ID, mostly shortened to txID is the unique key that connects a transaction to the blockchain. These keys are stored in blocks and each block is connected to another in a chain-linked format.

It is mostly due to economical reasons, because fees are taxes that miners get on transactions, miners tend to focus more on transactions with higher fees in order to reap the higher benefit of solving the mathematical problems to help link the transaction to the chain (this is why higher fees lead to lower confirmation time) thus leaving transactions with lower fees on the chain waiting for confirmation.

There are also times where it is due to the protocol of bitcoin not being scalable. The bitcoin network processes 3 transactions per second, in comparison traditional financial institutions process over 1,500 transactions per second.

You can get your hash ID once the transaction has been mined and connected to the blockchain netowrk. Simply check your transaction history to access it.

BTC represents a store of value, its unit can never exceed 21 million in total all over the world and at any given point in time (it is finite) kind of like Land. However because it is a store of value, it is traded and because it is traded traders need to agree on a common price in order to get their transaction executed. This common price is mostly denominated in the world's reserve currency (USD) and it is simply calculated by dividing the total supply of BTC by its current market capitalization in USD and that is how we get BTCs USD value.